Operators in C++

What are Operators in C++?

Operators are symbols that perform specific operations on one or more operands (values or variables). These operations can include arithmetic calculations, logical comparisons, bit manipulations, and more.

Example:

int a = 5;
int b = 3;
int sum = a + b; // '+' is an arithmetic operator

Types of Operators in C++

C++ provides a wide range of operators categorized into several types:

1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Relational Operators
3. Logical Operators
4. Bitwise Operators
5. Assignment Operators
6. Increment and Decrement Operators
7. Conditional (Ternary) Operator
8. Sizeof Operator
9. Comma Operator
10. Pointer Operators
11. Type Cast Operators

1. Arithmetic Operators

These operators perform basic mathematical operations.

Example:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    int a = 10, b = 3;
    cout << "Addition: " << a + b << endl;
    cout << "Subtraction: " << a - b << endl;
    cout << "Multiplication: " << a * b << endl;
    cout << "Division: " << a / b << endl;
    cout << "Modulus: " << a % b << endl;
    return 0;
}

Output:

Addition: 13
Subtraction: 7
Multiplication: 30
Division: 3
Modulus: 1

2. Relational Operators

These operators compare two values and return a boolean value (true or false).

Example:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    int a = 10, b = 5;
    cout << "a == b: " << (a == b) << endl;
    cout << "a != b: " << (a != b) << endl;
    cout << "a > b: " << (a > b) << endl;
    cout << "a < b: " << (a < b) << endl;
    cout << "a >= b: " << (a >= b) << endl;
    cout << "a <= b: " << (a <= b) << endl;
    return 0;
}

Output:

a == b: 0
a != b: 1
a > b: 1
a < b: 0
a >= b: 1
a <= b: 0

3. Logical Operators

These operators are used to combine or negate conditions.

Example:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    bool isSunny = true;
    bool isWeekend = false;

    cout << "AND: " << (isSunny && isWeekend) << endl;
    cout << "OR: " << (isSunny || isWeekend) << endl;
    cout << "NOT: " << (!isSunny) << endl;
    return 0;
}

Output:

AND: 0
OR: 1
NOT: 0

4. Bitwise Operators

These operators perform operations on individual bits of data.

Example:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    int a = 5, b = 3; // a = 0101, b = 0011
    cout << "Bitwise AND: " << (a & b) << endl;
    cout << "Bitwise OR: " << (a | b) << endl;
    cout << "Bitwise XOR: " << (a ^ b) << endl;
    cout << "Bitwise NOT: " << (~a) << endl;
    cout << "Left Shift: " << (a << 1) << endl;
    cout << "Right Shift: " << (a >> 1) << endl;
    return 0;
}

Output:

Bitwise AND: 1
Bitwise OR: 7
Bitwise XOR: 6
Bitwise NOT: -6
Left Shift: 10
Right Shift: 2

5. Assignment Operators

These operators assign values to variables.

6. Increment and Decrement Operators

• Increment (++): Increases value by 1.
• Decrement (--): Decreases value by 1.

Example:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    int x = 5;
    cout << "Post-Increment: " << x++ << endl;
    cout << "After Post-Increment: " << x << endl;
    cout << "Pre-Increment: " << ++x << endl;
    return 0;
}

Output:

Post-Increment: 5
After Post-Increment: 6
Pre-Increment: 7

7. Conditional (Ternary) Operator

A compact way to write an if-else statement.

Syntax:

condition ? expression1 : expression2;

Example:

int max = (a > b) ? a : b;

Summary

In this tutorial, you learned:

• Various types of operators in C++.
• How to use arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, and assignment operators.
• Practical examples of each operator.